STUDIES ON PHYCOCYANIN
The correlation between degenerative pathologies and chronic inflammation is recognised as a fact.
The correlation between chronic inflammation and acidosis is Systematically also observed.
Oxidation is a factor that results from inflammation and acidosis.
Our current daily life, from our rhythm of life to our diet, considerably increases the co-factors inducing all thedegenerative disorders and accelerated ageing.
Phycocyanine is an essential solution. Its extraction is at the heart of our expertise to concentrate its exceptional potential.
Our 10K and RHINBLUE range is proof of this with all the Champions and Top-level Sportsmen and Women we have been following for over 3 years...
Today, with PHYCO ANIMO, PHYCOMANIA offers the best of its know-how and feedback to our Champions and Companions of the Animal World.
On International PUBMED data base, more than 40 studies have been published on this wonderful blue gold.
Here are compiled 11 major studies that demonstrate the Power of Phycocyanin on the main degenerative factors in cases of Diabetes, Cancer, Neurological and Locomotor Disorders...
OUR PHYCOCYANIN - PHYCO ANIMO AND 10K Average Content per Liter
58 % C-Phycocyanine > C-PC
(Light Spectrum : 620 - 670 nm)
Price Cotation around 197 € / mg
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32 % Allo-Phycocyanine > A-PC
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8,2 % R- Phycoerithrine > R-PE
(Light Spectrum : 544 - 577 nm)
Price Cotation around 207 € /mg
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STUDY 01 – The therapeutic applications of C-Phycocyanin
The data from various studies suggest the therapeutic applications of C- Phycocyanin such as anti-cancer activity, anti-inflammation, anti-angiogenic activity and healing capacity of certain autoimmune disorders.
Mechanism of action of C-Phycocyanin for its anticancer activity is the blockage of cell cycle progression, inducing apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cells.
The future perspective of C-Phycocyanin is to identify and define the molecular mechanism of its anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, which would shed light on our knowledge on therapeutic applications of C-Phycocyanin and may contribute significant benefits to global public health.
STUDY 02 – Diabetes - Preventive effect of phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis on alloxan-injured mice
In this experimental study, the authors demonstrated for the first time that phycocyanin had significant preventive effect on alloxan-injured mice.
All test results showed that phycocyanin counteracts alloxan’s negative effects. We discussed the potential use of phycocyanin as a clinical agent for treating diabetes.
We proposed hypothesis on the mechanism of phycocyanin’s prevention and cure effect to be further studied.
The hypothesized mechanisms are: phycocyanin enhances GK expression, which in turn promote liver glycogen synthesis; phycocyanin inhibits p53 pathway, which in turn protect the pancreatic islets from alloxan toxicity.
STUDY 03 – Antidiabetic potential of Phycocyanin: Effects on KKAy mice
Our study provides evidence that administration of Phycocyanin to KKAy mice significantly reduces fasting plasma glucose level and FINS, and ameliorates insulin sensitivity and secretion in KKAy mice.
Moreover, Phycocyanin reduces TC and TG levels in the serum and the liver, increases hepatic glycogen and muscle glycogen synthesis, and thereby regulates glucolipide metabolism.
Taken together, our results suggest that Phycocyanin may have a potential clinical utility in T2DM.
Further studies are necessary to investigate the possible underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms for the hypoglycemic effect of Phycocyanin.
STUDY 04 – Phycocyanin: Anti-inflammatory effect and mechanism
In this review, we summarized the anti-inflammatory effects and pathways of Phycocyanin in different diseases, and proposed the mechanism of Phycocyanin absorption, metabolism, and action in the body.
In the theory we constructed, Phycocyanin induces the expression of HO-1 through the PCB contained therein and plays a variety of anti-inflammatory activities.
In follow-up studies, more attention should be given to whether PC can increase the expression of HO-1 in the anti-inflammatory process of various organs and serum, and whether PCB can be found in both organs and serum.
Research into the anti-inflammatory activity of Phycocyanin will promote the application of Phycocyanin in medical field for new anti-inflammatory drugs, and increase the market value of Phycocyanin.
STUDY 05 – The Inhibitory Effect of Phycocyanin Peptide on Pulmonary Fibrosis In Vitro
The emergence of phycocyanin peptides has solved modern issues of HO-1 inducers and has the advantages of lower cytotoxicity and better water solubility.
PCB in PC is similar in structure to bilirubin, so its related antioxidant, anti- inflammatory, and anti-pulmonary fibrosis activities were substantiated.
Being bound to Keap1, PCBs can release Nrf2 and further induce HO-1 expression. Therefore, phycocyanin peptides can be used as a new HO-1 inducer to develop different types of anti-inflammatory and anti-pulmonary fibrosis drugs.
However, the absorption and metabolism of PC, especially PCB, need to be further clarified.
Future studies on the activity and bioavailability of PC will contribute to the industrial development of PC and phycocyanin peptides.
STUDY 06 – C-Phycocyanin prevents acute myocardial infarction- induced oxidative stress, inflammation and cardiac damage
C-Phycocyanin had a cardioprotective nutraceutical effect with in vitro models and in the isolated organ system.
However, the metabolism effect in the complete organism has not been previously described. This study is the first report that employed C- phycocyanin in an animal model of AMI.
It prevents oxidative stress and inflammation because C-Phycocyanin down-regulates iNOS, COX2 and phospho-NFjB p65, reducing the mRNA synthesis of IL1b and TNFa.
Finally, C-Phycocyanin can be used as a coadjuvant in AMI treatment to give more time to the heart physicians for definitive treatments such as thrombolysis and PCI.
STUDY 07 – Phycocyanin ameliorates mouse colitis via Phycocyanobilin-dependent antioxidant and anti-inflflammatory protection of the intestinal epithelial barrier
Our in vivo and in vitro results demonstrate the PCB-dependent anti-colitis role of Phycocyanin via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
Our study elucidates the structural and mechanistic basis for Phycocyanin’s intestinal protective action, which will help in developing new remedies based on PCB, Phycocyanin and/or Spirulina for ameliorating IBD.
STUDY 08 – The protective effect of C-Phycocyanin in male mouse reproductive system
This study demonstrated that C-phycocyanin could prevent GC-1 spg cells from damage by TSZ-induced necroptosis, improve cell viability and down- regulate the necroptotic signaling pathway, thus playing a certain protective role on GC-1 spg cells.
Moreover, C-phycocyanin could protect the reproductive system of mice by improving the cyclophosphamide-induced decrease of the concentration of sperm and reducing the rate of occurrence of deformities in sperm.
The protection mechanism might be such that C-phycocyanin could inhibit the oxidative stress and necroptosis of reproductive-related cells induced by cyclophosphamide and C-phycocyanin could play its protective role by inhabiting the necroptotic signaling pathway.
These results suggested that C-phycocyanin could serve as a promising reproductive system protective agent during the development of the reproductive system.
STUDY 09 – C-Phycocyanin-derived Phycocyanobilin as a Potential Nutraceutical Approach for Major Neurodegenerative Disorders and COVID19 induced Damage to the Nervous System
The edible cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis and its chief biliprotein C- Phycocyanin have shown protective activity in animal models of diverse human health diseases, often reflecting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
The beneficial effects of C-Phycocyanin seem likely to be primarily attributable to its covalently attached chromophore Phycocyanobilin (PCB).
Within cells, biliverdin is generated from free heme and it is subsequently reduced to bilirubin. Although bilirubin can function as an oxidant scavenger, its potent antioxidant activity reflects its ability to inactivate some isoforms of NADPH oxidase. Free bilirubin can also function as an agonist for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR); this may explain its ability to promote protective Treg activity in cellular and rodent models of inflammatory disease. AhR agonists also promote transcription of the gene coding for Nrf-2, and hence can up-regulate phase 2 induction of antioxidant enzymes, such as HO-1. Hence, it is proposed that C- Phycocyanin/PCB chiefly exert their protective effects via inhibition of NADPH oxidase activity, as well as by AhR agonism that both induces Treg activity and up-regulates phase 2 induction.
This simple model may explain their potent antioxidant/antiinflammatory effects. Additionally, PCB might mimic biliverdin in activating anti- inflammatory signaling mediated by biliverdin reductase.
This essay reviews recent research in which C-Phycocyanin and/or PCB, administered orally, parenterally, or intranasally, have achieved marked protective effects in rodent and cell culture models of Ischemic Stroke and Multiple Sclerosis, and suggests that these agents may likewise be protective for Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and in COVID-19 and its neurological complications.
STUDY 10 – Phycocyanin Ameliorates Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer by Regulating the Gut Microbiota and the IL-17 Signaling Pathway
In this study, we demonstrated that Phycocyanin alleviated inflammation and reduced tumor-genesis in AOM/DSS induced mice.
The tumor preventation may be mediated through modulating the gut microbiota and gene expression in colonic cells. Phycocyanin is a promising drug for clinical prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer.
STUDY 11 – Non-conventional octameric structure of C-phycocyanin
C-phycocyanin, a blue pigment protein, is an indispensable component of giant phycobilisomes, which are light-harvesting antenna complexes in cyanobacteria that transfer energy efficiently to photosystems I and II. X- ray crystallographic and electron microscopy (EM) analyses have revealed the structure of C-phycocyanin to be a closed toroidal hexamer by assembling two trimers. In this study, the structural characterization of non- conventional octameric C-phycocyanin is reported for the first time.
Analyses of the crystal and cryogenic EM structures of the native C- phycocyanin from filamentous thermophilic cyanobacterium Thermoleptolyngbya sp. O–77 unexpectedly illustrated the coexistence of conventional hexamer and novel octamer.
In addition, an unusual dimeric state, observed via analytical ultracentrifugation, was postulated to be a key intermediate structure in the assemble of the previously unobserved octamer. These observations provide new insights into the assembly processes of C- phycocyanin and the mechanism of energy transfer in the light-harvesting complexes.